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[112] 此地大約位於北緯54度，東經140度。請參見Tan Qixiang，ed. 1982 Zhongguo lishi ditu ji. Vol. 7，Yuan-Mingde qi. Shanghai：Ditu chubanshe，VII，地圖13與地圖83。
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[116] Bell，John. Journey from St. Petersburg to Pekin，1714-22. Edinburgh：Edinburgh University Press，1965，169.
[117] SH de Rachewiltz，Igor，trans. The Secret History of the Mongols：A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century. Leiden：E.J.Brill，2004. I vols.，173；SH/I de Rachewiltz，Igor，ed. Index to the Secret History of the Mongols. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series 121. Bloomington：Indiana University，1972，136；Rashīd/A Rashīd al-Dīn. al-tavārīkh. Ed. A.A.Alizade et al. Moscow：Nauka. Vols.I/1，348；Rashīd/K Rashīd al-Dīn. al-tavārīkh. Ed. Karīmī. Tehran：Eqbal，1959. I vols.，308；and YS Yuanshih. Beijing：Zhonghua shuju，1978，ch. 1，14.
[118] Rashīd/K Rashīd al-Dīn. al-tavārīkh. Ed. Karīmī. Tehran：Eqbal，1959. I vols.，672，and Rashīd/B Rashid al-Dīn. The Successors of Genghis Khan. Trans. John A.Boyle. New York：Columbia University Press，322.波斯語原文寫作“”，顯然是與“”混淆，蒙古語的“shiba’ūchi”一詞意為“馴鷹師”。
[119] YS Yuanshih. Beijing：Zhonghua shuju，1978，ch. 10，217，and ch. 22，485；Rashīd/K Rashīd al-Dīn. al-tavārīkh. Ed. Karīmī. Tehran：Eqbal，1959. I vols.，654；and Rashīd/B Rashid al-Dīn. The Successors of Genghis Khan. Trans. John A.Boyle. New York：Columbia University Press，293.
[120] HYYY Mostaert，Antoine，trans. and Igor de Rachewiltz，ed. Le matériel mongol du Houa i i iu de Houng-ou（1389）. Mélanges chinois et bouddhiques 18 and 27. Brussels：Institut belge des hautes études chinois，1977-95. I vols，9 and 25，and Serruys，Henry 1967 Sino-Mongol Relations During the Ming. Vol. 2，The Tribute System and Diplomatic Missions. Mélanges chinois et bouddhiques 14. Brussels：Institut beige des hautes études chinois，200-203.1411年，明朝宮廷尝據規定為每一匹蝴貢的良駒均回贈了十匹帶趁綵緞，每一隻蝴貢的矛隼則回贈帶趁綵緞四匹；1426年，回贈的標準大約相同。請參見Farquhar，David 1957 “Oirat-Chinese Tribute Relations.” In Studia Altaica：Festschrift für Nikolaus Poppe zum 60.Geburtstag am 8. August 1957. Wiesbaden：Otto Harrassowitz，pp. 62-63。
[121] Marco Polo. The Description of the World. Trans. A.C.Moule and Paul Pelliot. London：Routledge，1938. Vol. Ⅰ.470-73.
[122] YCS Armstrong，Terence，ed. Yermak’s Campaign in Siberia：A Selection of Documents. Trans. Tatiana Minorsky and David Wileman. London：Hakluyt Society，1975，81 and 228，and Ziiaev，Kh Z. 1983 Ekonomicheskie sviazi Srednei Azii s Sibir’iu v.ⅩⅥ-ⅩⅣ. Tashkent：Fan，22.
[123] 基於影像資料和文字證據的相關調查，請參見Rolle，Renate 1988 “Arch?ologische Bemerkungen zum War?gerhandel.” Bericht der R?misch-Germanischen Kommission 69：513-18 and 527-29，and Hoffman，Gisela. 1957-58 “Falkenjagd und Falkenhandel in der nordischen L?ndern w?hrend des Mittelalters.” Zeitschrift der deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literature 88：139-49。
[124] Cummins，John 1988 The Hound and the Hawk：The Art of Medieval Hunting. New York：St. Martin’s Press，197-99，and Lacroix，Paul 1963 France in the Middle Ages：Customs，Classes，Conditions. New York：Frederich Unger，197，and 201-2.
[125] Frederick Ⅱ of Hohenstaufen. The Art of Falconry，Being the De Arte Venandi cum Avibus. Trans. Casey A.Wood and F.Marjorie Fyfe. Stanford，Calif.：Stanford University Press，1961，111.
[126] Abū’l Fidā，G Aboul Féda. Géographie d’Aboul Féda. Trans. M.Reinard. Paris：L’imprimerie nationale，1848. 2 vols.266-67. “Sanāqir”是阿拉伯語中“sunqur”一詞的複數形式。
[127] Llull，Ramon. Felix，or the Book of Wonders. In Selected Works of Ramon Llull Ed. and trans. Anthony Bonner. Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1985. Vol. Ⅱ.893.
[128] Qāshānī，Abū al-Qasīm. Ta’rīkh-i ?ljaytū. Ed. M.Hambly，Tehran：B.T.N.K.，1969，53，and Clavijo，Ruy Gonzales de. Embassy to Tamerlane，1403-6. Trans. Guy Le Strange. London：Routledge，1928，169-70.
[129] MRL Vernadsky，George，trans. Medieval Russian Laws. Reprint New York：Octagon Books，1974，50.
[130] Marco Polo. The Description of the World. Trans. A.C.Moule and Paul Pelliot. London：Routledge，1938. Vol. Ⅰ.474.
[131] SMOIZO Tizengauzen，V.，trans. Sbornik materialov otnosiashchikhsia k istorii Zolotoi Ordy. Vol. Ⅰ，Izvlecheniia iz sochinenii arabskikh. St. Petersburg：Stroganov，1884，255，318，425，427，and 445，阿拉伯語文字，and 264，318，325，441，and 438，俄語譯本。
[132] Martin，Janet 1986 Treasure of the Land of Darkness：The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia. Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，90-91.
[133] GVNP Valk，S.N.ed. Gramoty Velikogo Novgoroda i Pskova. Moscow-Leningrad：Izdatel’stvo akademii nauk SSSR，1949，26，and Slovar 1975- Slovar russkogo iazyka XI-XVII vv. Moscow：Nauka，VIII vols. to date.，52.
[134] GVNP Valk，S.N.ed. Gramoty Velikogo Novgoroda i Pskova. Moscow-Leningrad：Izdatel’stvo akademii nauk SSSR，1949，142，and Sreznevskii，M. I. 1989 Materialy dlia slovaria drevnerusskogo iazyka. Vol. 3. Moscow：Kniga.，459.
[135] 這個詞來自於古俄語的“pom’chishche”一詞，意為“狩獵場”。請參見Fasmer，M. 1971 Etimologicheskii slovar russkogo iazyka. III vols. Moscow：Progress，324，and Slovar 1975-，XVII，38 and 41。
[136] 此術語源於突厥語，請參見Golden，Peter B. 1998-99 “The Nomadic Linguistic Impact on Pre-?inggisid Rus’and Georgia，” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 10：80-81，and Fasmer，M. 1971 Etimologicheskii slovar russkogo iazyka. I vols. Moscow：Progress，278。
[137] Dementieff，Georges 1945 “La fauconnerie en Russe：Esquisse historique.” L’oiseau et la revue fran?aise d’ornithologie 15：9-39，14ff.
[138] Herberstein Herberstein，Sigismund. Commentaries on Muscovite Affairs. Trans. Oswald P.Backus Ⅲ. Lawrence：Student Union Bookstore，University of Kansas，1956，96 and 149；Fletcher，Giles. Of the Russe Commonwealth. Ed. Richard Pipes and John V.A.Fine，Jr. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1966，11r；and Purchas，Samuel. Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas，his Pilgrimes. Reprint New York：AMS Press，1965，XIII，253.
[139] Dementieff，Georges 1945 “La fauconnerie en Russe：Esquisse historique.” L’oiseau et la revue fran?aise d’ornithologie 15：27-29 and 34-35.
[140] Kliuchevskii，V. O. 1959 Terminologiia russkoi istorii. In his Sochineniia. Moscow：Izdatel’stvo sotsial’no-ekonomicheskii literatury，6：192-93，and Slovar 1975- Slovar russkogo iazyka XI-XVII vv. Moscow：Nauka，24 vols. to date，XXI，66-67.
[141] Fekhner，M. V. 1956 Torgovlia russkogo gosudarstva s stranami Vostoka v XVI veke. Moscow：Goskul’tprosvetizdat，62-63，and Slovar 1975- Slovar russkogo iazyka XI-XVII vv. Moscow：Nauka，24 vols. to date，VIII，51.
[142] 例如可參見Allen，W.E.D. 1961 “Trivia Historiae Ibericae，I.Gerfalcons for the King.” Bedi Karthlisa 36-37：104-10.
[143] Chenciner，Robert and Magomedkhan Magomedkhanov 1992 “Persian Exports to Russia from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century.” Iran 30：124.
[144] Rogozhin，N. M. 1994 Posol’skie knigi Rossii kontsa XV-nachala XVII vv. Moscow：Rossiiskaia akademii nauka，Institut rossiiskoi istorii，96，and Dementieff，Georges 1945 “La fauconnerie en Russe：Esquisse historique.” L’oiseau et la revue fran?aise d’ornithologie 15：29-32.
[145] 引文可參見Olearius，Adam. The Travels of Olearius in 17th Century Russia. Trans. Samuel H.Baron. Stanford，Calif.：Stanford University Press，1967. 326；Kaempfer，Engelbert. Am Hofe der persischen Grossk?nigs，1684-1685. Trans. Walther Hinz. Tübingen and Basil：Erdmann，1977，30；Gukovskii，M. H. 1963 “Soobshchenie o Rossii Moskovskogo posla v Milan（1486 g.）.” In S.N. Valk，ed.，Voprosy istoriografii i istochnikovedeniia istorii SSSR：Sbornik statei. Moscow Leningrad：Izdatel’stvo akademii nauk SSSR，pp.653；Hakluyt，V Hakluyt，Richard. Voyages，London：J.M.Dent，1939. Vol. Ⅰ.365。
[146] Nikitin，Afanasii. Khozhdenie za tri moria. 2nd ed. Moscovv-Leningrad：lzdatel’stvo akademii nauk SSSR，1958，11，33-34，53，and 71.在他敘述的最早版本中饵出現了“devianosto”這個數字。
[147] SIRIO Sbornik imperatorkago russkago istoricheskago obshchestva. Vol. 95，Pamiatniki diplomaticheskie snoshenii moskovskago gosudarstva c Krymom，Nagaiami i Turtsieiu，part 2，1508-1521 vv.，ed. G.O.Karpov and G.O.Shtendman. St. Petersburg，n.d.，227-28.
[148] Burton，Audrey 1993 Bukharan Trade，1558-1718. Papers on Inner Asia 23. Bloomington；Indiana University，Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies，47-48，50，51，62，65，68，and 71；REGK Allen，W.E.D.，ed. Russian Embassies to the Georgian Kings（1589-1605）. Trans. Anthony Mango. Cambridge：Published for the Hakluyt Society，1972，I，213-14；and Laufer，Bertold 1916 “Supplementary Notes on Walrus and Narwhal Ivory.” T’oung-pao 17：353-54.
[149] Munshī，Iskander. History of Shah . Trans. Roger Savory. Boulder，Colo.：Westview Press，1978，II，1160，and CDIPR Islam，Riazul，ed. A Calendar of Documents on Indo-Persian Relations，1500-1700. Karachi：Institute of Central and West Asian Studies，1979，I，190；此外可參見216。
[150] Christian，David 2000 “Silk Roads or Steppe Roads？The Silk Roads in World History.” Journal of World History 11：1-26，7ff.
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[152] Qāshānī，Abū al-Qasīm. Ta’rīkh-i ?ljaytū. Ed. M.Hambly，Tehran：B.T.N.K.，1969，49 and 205.
[153] ?āfī?-i Abrū，95-99，and HC Bellér-Hann，Ildikó，trans. A History of Cathay：A Translation and Linguistic Analysis of a Fifteenth-Century Turkic Manuscript. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series 162. Bloomington：Indiana University，1995，167 and 179-80.
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